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Following is a summary of rules and reference examples in
the APA style manual. The manual itself contains all this
information and more, organized and worded differently,
indexed and illustrated.
Abbreviations
• Avoid abbreviations (acronyms) except for long, familiar
terms (MMPI).
• Explain what an abbreviation means the first time
it occurs: American Psychological Association (APA).
• If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, it
does not require explanation (IQ, LSD, REM, ESP).
• Do not use the old abbreviations for subject, experimenter,
and observer (S, E, O).
• The following abbreviations should NOT be used outside
parenthetical comments:
o cf. [use compare]
o e.g. [use for example]
o etc. [use and so forth]
o i.e. [use that is]
o viz. [use namely]
o vs. [use versus]
• Use periods when making an abbreviation within a
reference (Vol. 3, p. 6, 2nd ed.)
• Do not use periods within degree titles and organization
titles (PhD, APA).
• Do not use periods within measurements (lb, ft, s)
except inches (in.).
• Use s for second, m for meter.
• To form plurals of abbreviations, add s alone, without
apostrophe (PhDs, IQs, vols., Eds).
• In using standard abbreviations for measurements,
like m for meter, do not add an s to make it plural (100
seconds is 100 s); when referring to several pages in a
reference or citation, use the abbreviation pp. (with a
period after it and a space after the period).
• Do not use the abbreviation "pp." for magazine
or journal citations; just give the numbers themselves.
Do use "pp." for citations of encyclopedia entries,
multi-page newspaper articles, chapters or articles in edited
books.
• Use two-letter postal codes for U.S. state names
(GA).
http://www.wooster.edu/psychology/apa-crib.html
Summary:
MLA
(Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used
to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts
and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th ed.) and the
MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd
ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research
papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works
Cited page.
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Jump to listing of all of this resource's sections
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts
and using the English language in writing. MLA style also
provides writers with a system for referencing their sources
through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works
Cited pages.
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility
by demonstrating accountability to their source material.
Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers
from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful
or accidental uncredited use of source material by other
writers.
If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th edition).
Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult
the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd
edition). The MLA Handbook is available in most writing
labs and reference libraries; it is also widely available
in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the
Additional Resources section of this handout for a list
of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.
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